A recent outbreak of cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) in Nigeria has raised concerns, with the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) reporting 807 suspected cases and 74 deaths across 22 states as of March 26, 2025. The affected states include Kebbi, Katsina, Jigawa, Yobe, Gombe, Adamawa, Borno, Ebonyi, Oyo, Bauchi, Ondo, Kaduna, Osun, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bayelsa, Benue, Ekiti, Niger, Plateau, FCT, and Sokoto.
CSM is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that affects the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The infection can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In Nigeria, the most common cause of CSM is the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis.
The symptoms of CSM can include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and vomiting. The infection can be transmitted through close contact with an infected person, such as through kissing, sharing food or drinks, or living in close proximity.
In response to the outbreak, the NCDC has deployed Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) to Kebbi, Sokoto, and Katsina states, which have recorded the highest number of suspected cases, deaths, and case fatality rates. The RRTs will work closely with state health authorities to contain the outbreak and prevent further transmission.
The key objectives of the response include:
– Rapid containment of the outbreak: The RRTs will work to quickly identify and isolate cases, and prevent further transmission.
– Strengthening case management and IPC measures: The teams will work to improve case management and infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in affected states.
– Enhancing surveillance and sample collection: The RRTs will work to improve surveillance and sample collection to better understand the outbreak and track its spread.
– Conducting risk communication and community engagement activities: The teams will work to educate communities on the risks of CSM and the importance of seeking medical attention if symptoms occur.
– Identifying the outbreak’s source and recommending appropriate public health actions: The RRTs will work to identify the source of the outbreak and recommend appropriate public health actions to prevent future outbreaks.
To prevent and control the spread of CSM, the NCDC recommends the following measures:
– Vaccination: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent CSM. The NCDC recommends that all individuals, especially those in affected states, receive the meningococcal vaccine.
– Improved hygiene: Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, can help prevent the spread of CSM.
– Early detection and treatment: Early detection and treatment of CSM can significantly improve outcomes. Individuals experiencing symptoms of CSM should seek medical attention immediately
The NCDC’s rapid response to the CSM outbreak in Nigeria demonstrates the agency’s commitment to protecting the health of Nigerians. The deployment of RRTs to affected states will help to contain the outbreak and prevent further transmission. It is essential for communities to remain vigilant and seek medical attention if symptoms of CSM occur. By working together, we can prevent and control the spread of CSM and protect the health of all Nigerians.